After Frances defeat in the Franco-German War, settlers felt they could finally gain more land. )solar: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est. )imports of goods and services: -35.8% (2017 est. As a result, officials suspended six individuals. An Defla split from Chlef; An Tmouchent split from Sidi Bel Abbs; Bordj Bou Arrridj split from Stif; Birth registration: The mother or father may transmit citizenship and nationality. tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List Algeria does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government made key achievements during the reporting period, therefore Algeria was upgraded to Tier 2 Watch List; authorities identified more trafficking victims, increased investigations and prosecutions, while continuing to convict traffickers; Algeria partnered with international organizations to train officials and conduct public awareness campaigns; however, government identification of and services for victims remained insufficient; authorities continued to punish some potential victims for unlawful acts traffickers compelled them to commit (2022)trafficking profile: human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims; Algerian women and girls are vulnerable to sex trafficking due to financial problems or after running away from home; undocumented sub-Saharan migrants are vulnerable to labor and sex trafficking and are exploited in restaurants, houses, and informal worksites; sub-Saharan men and women needing more funds for their onward journey to Europe work illegally in construction and commercial sex and are vulnerable to sex trafficking and debt bondage; foreign women and girls, mainly from sub-Saharan Africa, are subject to sex trafficking in bars and informal brothels; criminal begging rings that exploit sub-Saharan African migrant children are common and reportedly increasing (2022), total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Refugees and internally displaced persons, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). The capital city of a baladiyah, )other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. The law also stipulates penalties that include imprisonment of two months to two years and fines of DZD 500 to DZD 2,000 ($4.25 to $17) for anyone convicted of having committed a homosexual act. If a minor is involved, the adult may face up to three years imprisonment and a fine of DZD 10,000 ($85). )$71.796 billion (31 December 2019 est. Other refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants had access to free public hospitals, but independent NGOs reported instances of migrants turned away. The government said that a drop in aid from international donors led to worsening conditions for Sahrawi refugees, and that it had increased its own contributions as a result. The Tellian and Saharan Atlas Mountain ranges cross the country from east to west, dividing it into three zones. Most detainees had prompt access to a lawyer of their choice as accorded by law, and the government provided legal counsel to indigent detainees. Fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense violence from 1992-98, resulting in over 100,000 deaths many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. )-$16.954 billion (2019 est.). The law says any firing or other employment action based on discrimination against union members is invalid. Algeria Telephone: (213) 770-08-2000 Emergency after-hours telephone: (213) 770-08-2200 Fax: 0770-08-2299 Email: ACSAlgiers@state.gov. The committee was empowered to propose measures and laws to address child labor as well as conduct awareness campaigns. The Wassila Network noted this number is a fraction of actual cases since victims of domestic violence rarely report the abuse to authorities because of the forgiveness clause stipulated in the legal code. )consumption: 85,000 metric tons (2020 est. The army began a crackdown on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. Note: total area has changed since After making a determination, the ministry notifies the customs service of the decision to allow or ban the importation of the publication. At the beginning of the 20th century, Algeria was a French colony. )$24.902 billion (2020 est. With lower oil prices since 2014, Algerias foreign exchange reserves have declined by more than half and its oil stabilization fund has decreased from about $20 billion at the end of 2013 to about $7 billion in 2017, which is the statutory minimum. Other migrants, asylum seekers, and Malians and Syrians who had a special status with the government, relied largely on remittances from family, the support of local family and acquaintances, and assistance from the Algerian Red Crescent and international aid organizations. )crude oil and lease condensate exports: 633,500 bbl/day (2018 est. A national committee is responsible for monitoring and publishing an annual report on the rights of children. The law does not permit those under age 18 to travel abroad without a guardians permission. A January 2017 decree by the prime minister clarified the process for the Ministry of Cultures review of imported books, both in print and electronic form. Foreign observers characterized the 2017 legislative elections as largely well organized and conducted without significant problems on election day, but noted a lack of transparency in vote-counting procedures. The law additionally prohibits local periodicals from receiving direct or indirect material support from foreign sources. A longtime FLN member, TEBBOUNE ran for president as an independent. The facilities were located in Sidi Fredj. ), 12.7% (2021 est. of the colonial period, Algerian departments had a legal status which was supposedly equal to that of the European The constitution provides citizens the ability to choose their government in free and fair periodic elections held by secret ballot and based on universal and equal suffrage. Argel (Portuguese, Spanish); Dzayer, Djezar (variant); (Russian), Annaba: Anaba (Portuguese, Spanish); Bona (Portuguese-obsolete, Spanish-obsolete); Bne (obsolete), Bjaa: Bougie, Bedjaya (French); Bidjaia (variant); Bugia (Italian); Bujia (Portuguese-obsolete), Blida: El Boulada, al-Boulaida (variant), Bordj Bou Arrridj: Bordj Bou Ariridj, Borj Bou Arreridj (variant), Chlef: El Asnam, Orlansville (obsolete); Chelif, Ech Cheliff (variant), Constantine: Constantina (Portuguese, Spanish); Costatina (Italian); Qoussantina, Qacentina (Arabic), El Bayadh: El Bayad, El Beyyadh (variant); Gryville (obsolete), Illizi: Polignac, Fort Polignac (obsolete); Ilizi (variant), Jijel: Djidjel (variant); Djidjelli (obsolete), Oasis: Osis Saharianos (Portuguese); Oasis Sahariennes (variant); Saharan Oases (English), Oran: Orn (Spanish); Orano (Italian); Oro (Portuguese); Ouahran, Ouahrane, Wahran (variant), Oum el Bouaghi: Oum el Bouagui (variant); Canrobert (obsolete), Skikda: Philippeville (obsolete); Skidda (variant), Tamanrasset: Tamanghasset, Tamenghasset, Tamenghest (variant); Fort Laperrine (obsolete), Tlemcen: Tilimsene, Tlemsane, Tilimsen (variant); Tremecm (Portuguese-obsolete). Some organizations maintained a list of LGBTI-friendly hospitals, and several NGOs operated mobile clinics specifically for vulnerable communities. Algeria is divided into 48 wilayat (provinces; sing. The list of essential services included banking, radio, and television. The minimum legal age for employment is 16, but younger children may work as apprentices with permission from their parents or legal guardian. According to Belhouchet, the government has a monopoly on advertising that it uses to punish those who criticize the government and thus, weakens freedom of expression. Constantine, and Oran, after their capitals. Official websites use .gov. ), improved: urban: 98.3% of populationrural: 91.3% of populationtotal: 96.5% of populationunimproved: urban: 1.7% of populationrural: 8.7% of populationtotal: 3.5% of population (2020 est. Deputy Secretaries of State; Deputy Secretary of State; Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy; Office of the U.S. ), 18.52 births/1,000 population (2022 est. The government requires employers to declare their employees to the Ministry of Labor and to pay social security benefits. According to the decree, importers must submit to the ministry the title, authors name, editors name, edition, year, International Standard Book Number, and number of copies to be imported. The courts are empowered to dissolve unions that engage in illegal activities. The ILO tried to visit during the year but had to cancel the visit when the government was unable to guarantee that they would be able to meet with independent trade unions. The law criminalizes statements denigrating Islam or insulting the Prophet Muhammed or messengers of God. In 2016 police in Setif arrested Slimane Bouhafs, a Christian convert, for posting statements on his Facebook page questioning the morals of the Prophet Muhammed. According to the Ministry of Interior, in September there were 70 registered political parties. Unlicensed NGOs remained active, but rarely received government assistance, and citizens at times hesitated to associate with these organizations. )imports: 531 million kWh (2019 est. (I use "commune" to translate the French "commune," and "municipality" to Security forces dispersed political opposition rallies and interfered with the right to organize. Opposition party leaders complained that the government did not provide timely authorizations to hold rallies or party congresses. The government did not grant UNHCR access to these reception centers but reported that by 2016 most Syrians no longer used the centers. Intelligence services arrested journalist Said Chitour in June 2017 and accused him of sharing intelligence with a foreign power. Hydrocarbon exports enabled Algeria to maintain macroeconomic stability, amass large foreign currency reserves, and maintain low external debt while global oil prices were high. After violent clashes between Ibadis in Ghardaia and security forces, Fekhar wrote a letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon asking the UN to save the local Ibadite population from persecution by the government. The country was heavily colonized by the French in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 7.23% (2021 est. The conclusions of the 2017 ILOs Committee on the Application of Standards recommended that the government accept an ILO direct contacts mission. Some media figures alleged the government used its control over most printing houses and large amounts of public sector advertising preferentially, and that the lack of clear regulations over these practices permitted it to exert undue influence on press outlets. further divided into subdivisions, which in turn were divided into cercles (circles). The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and Women leads a national committee composed of 12 ministries and NGOs that meets yearly to discuss child labor issues. Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in Persons, a. Government Human Rights Bodies: In 2016 the government replaced the National Consultative Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (CNCPPDH) with the CNDH. Protests broke out across the country in late February 2019 against President BOUTEFLIKAs decision to seek a fifth term. Striking requires a secret ballot of the whole workforce. When Algeria was under French administration, the official division names were in French. Security forces conducted unannounced home visits. Opposition parties from across the political spectrum criticized the new law for creating a more complex process for qualifying for the ballot, as well as for establishing an electoral monitoring body whose members would be appointed by the president and parliament, which is controlled by a coalition headed by the presidents party. The Ministry of Justice said the agency was subject to all existing judicial controls that apply to law enforcement agencies. Some of those arrested, reported being brutalized. On September 8, several leaders were prevented from marching in Constantine. The group was formerly known as Jund al-Khilafah fi Ard al-Jazair. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor, c. Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment, d. Discrimination with Respect to Employment and Occupation, https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html. A court sentenced him to five years in prison, plus a DZD 100,000 ($850) fine. The laws extensive requirements and uneven enforcement served as major impediments to the development of civil society. These observers, among others, pointed to the law as a significant source of arbitrary arrests intended to suppress political activism. While the Ministry of Interior oversees the accreditation process for most associations, the president of a local assembly approves applications for communal associations. On May 14, local authorities prohibited a gathering by novelist Hiba Tayda in Tizi Ouzou. There were no reports of disappearances by or on behalf of government authorities. The governments actions included harassment of some critics; arbitrary enforcement of vaguely worded laws; informal pressure on publishers, editors, advertisers, and journalists; and control of an estimated 20 percent of the countrys advertising money and printing capabilities. The government supported the countrys Network for the Defense of Childrens Rights (NADA). )110.973 (2017 est. The provinces are subdivided into 160 dayrat (sub-prefectures), and further into 1,541 municipalities. Media reporting and public opinion viewed the absence of charges against the most senior of government officials as an indication of impunity for government officials. Recent Elections: Presidential elections took place in 2014, and voters re-elected President Bouteflika for a fourth term. Employment: The government does not formally allow refugee employment; however, many worked in the informal market and were at risk of labor exploitation due to their lack of legal status in the country. Postal codes: Algeria uses five-digit postal codes. The Ministry of Religious Affairs required that couples present a government-issued marriage certificate before permitting imams to conduct religious marriage ceremonies. 1980: Name of El Asnam department and its capital changed to Ech Chliff, later spelled Chlef. There were no reports that the government granted refugee status and asylum to new refugee applicants during the year. The government generally cooperated with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and other humanitarian organizations in providing protection and assistance to refugees, asylum seekers, and other persons of concern. In May a court sentenced him to 10 years in prison. The government may restrict strikes on a number of grounds, including economic crisis, obstruction of public services, or the possibility of subversive actions. Authorities enter the medical certificate into the detainees file. There were reports that authorities held some detainees without access to their lawyers and reportedly abused them physically and mentally. Durable Solutions: The government did not accept refugees from foreign countries for resettlement. made the national language. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association, d. Freedom of Movement, Internally Displaced Persons, Protection of Refugees, and Stateless Persons, Section 3. provinces, with external capitals Alger, Constantine, and Oran. departments and one territory. New FIPS According to human rights activists, citizens widely believed the government conducted frequent electronic surveillance of a range of citizens, including political opponents, journalists, human rights groups, and suspected terrorists. 1957-05-20: Thirty-four new arrondissements were created. as a national language. NGOs reported instances in which unaccompanied migrant female youth were exploited as domestic workers and were known to be loaned out to families for extended periods to work in homes or exploited as prostitutes. The provinces later became divisions. 1983-12-15: Thirty-one departments re-organized to form 48 provinces (as shown in the first table). Fekhar was released shortly thereafter, two years after his initial arrest. Hierarchical administrative subdivision codes, Journal Officiel de la Rpublique More than 100,000 Sahrawis are estimated to be living in five refugee camps in southwestern Algeria near Tindouf. Abuse of Migrants, Refugees, and Stateless Persons: In June the Associated Press (AP) reported that the government had forced an estimated 13,000 migrants over the previous 14 months to walk from Guezzam, Algeria, to Assamakka, Niger as part of the repatriation process. However, the French language has continued to occupy an The constitution provides for freedom of internal movement, foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation, but the government restricted the exercise of this right. names. ), 151.633 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. The subdivisions were to the )$496.547 billion (2019 est. Since the subdivision According to the Ministry of Justice, there were six prosecutions of law enforcement officers for torture during the year. Authorities have been holding journalist, Said Chitour, in pretrial detention since June 2017 without trial. He appealed to the Constitutional Council without result. Touggourt. The law gives the authorities broad power to ban books that run counter to the constitution, the Muslim religion and other religions, national sovereignty and unity, the national identity and cultural values of society, national security and defense concerns, public order concerns, and the dignity of the human being and individual and collective rights. It further prohibits books that make apology for colonialism, terrorism, crime, and racism.. ), total: 0.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. )1.95% (2019 est.). A tripartite social pact among business, government, and the official union established the national minimum wage of DZD 18,000 ($153) per month in 2012. The lower fertility rate was mainly the result of women's rising age at first marriage (virtually all Algerian children being born in wedlock) and to a lesser extent the wider use of contraceptives. )female: 0.7% (2020 est. )percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 8% (2013 est. Notably, terrorists killed seven soldiers in an ambush on July 30 in Skikda.
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