And MOLPRO: is there an analogue of the Gaussian FCHK file? When we get to heaven, I am hoping to watch all of Jesuss life and that of the early church. Several translations speak of divided tongues (ESV, NRSV), but I have to say that the expression is meaningless. From kata and hos; just as, that. Are there two different types of "tongues" spoken about in the NT? Jude 20 tells us: But ye, beloved, building up yourselves on your most holy faith, praying in the Holy Ghost. Speaking a word of prophecy in the common language of the people, however, does serve to edify the entire church body. 34:22; Num. howbeit in the spirit he speaketh mysteries. If you want to ask ask the question whether or not glossolalia is a human language, I would be happy to post an answer to that question as well. @jirehpryor: Acts 2:6, 8 has fem. The reason is that they are from two different Greek words. The key to understanding the purpose of the CORPORATE operation of tongues is found in 1 Corinthians 14:12. This article is part of the Tough Passages series. Paul tells the Ephesian believers, who already have the Spirit, nevertheless to be filled with the Spirit rather than to be drunk on wine (Eph. serving others in a self-sacrificial way) -- not in the direction of serving themselves. I can still recall how I used to sit with my mouth opened, eagerly waiting for the Holy Spirit to come upon me and USE me to speak in tongues. These are attempts to convey supernatural visions and experiencesreal, experienced events, but beyond what can be described fully. VERSE 3 But he that prophesieth speaketh unto men to edification, and exhortation, and comfort. It may be compared to the Lords appearing to Moses in a burning bush (Ex. This has the net effect in the assembly of a word of prophecy (1 Corinthians 14:5). WebBegan to speak with other tongues - In other languages than their native tongue. In 1 Corinthians, do 12:31 and 14:1 contradict 12:4-30? (2) The free use of the gift makes him who uses it almost as a barbarian or foreigner to those who listen to him. Israel offered her firstfruits to God, who saved her from slavery in Egypt. Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular. Thus it was not simply about agriculture but about redemption as well. He may utter prayers, or praises, or benedictions, but what he speaks is as the sound of a trumpet blown uncertainly, of flute or lyre played with unskilled hand, almost, we might say, in the words of our own poet, "like sweet bells jangled, out of tune and harsh" (1Corinthians 14:7-9). Set; intransitively, to sit; figuratively, to settle. (1) If we receive Mark 16:9-20 as a true record of our Lord's words, the disciples had, a few days or weeks before the Day of Pentecost, heard the promise that they that believed should "speak with new tongues" (see Note on Mark 16:17), i.e., with new powers of utterance. If you have any questions, please review our. WebHe says, "The voice they uttered was awful in its range, in its tones, in its modulations, in its startling, penetrating, almost appalling power; the words they spoke were exalted, intense, passionate, full of mystic significance; the language they used was not their ordinary and familiar tongue, but was Hebrew, or Greek, or Latin, or Aramaic, or Persian, or Arabic, as 4) Keeping one's "utterance from [disrupting] the flow of the service" is a good idea, but not biblical. That may leave the reader wondering whether there is a second gift of tongues -- but that question would be better addressed on a theology site. 7:33, 35; Lk. You're just making yourself look like a maniac, and you're not doing anything to edify the body. How is speaking in tongues a practice edifying for the own individual? He blogs regularly on Greek and issues of spiritual growth. (NASB). With Jesus now in heavena vital point for what followsthis fulfillment is precisely what happens next. This word is also used to describe the tongues which appeared on the Day of Pentecost ( Acts 2:3 ). 14:2, 1823, 27). It is also used, as with us, to denote what in shape resembles the tongue. I have an image in my mind of the apostles hearing something like the sound of wind from the inside, with walls and roofs creaking, windows rattling, and the sound of rushing air shaking everything in its path, straining to get past. The verse says Perhaps the tongues spread in the same way that a fire spreads? Being filled could be evidenced by the speaking of psalms, hymns, & spiritual songs to one another; making melody to the Lord with one's heart; always being thankful for all things; and submitting to one another in the fear of Christ. 1 Peter 1:12 Paul, as he does throughout the entire letter, addresses their selfishness and foolishness, and prescribes wise, loving behavior. By historical and experiential necessity, the disciples occupy a different place in salvation history than we do. The reason God tells us to pray for the understanding of our utterances in other tongues is of far greater importance than just knowing what we have spoken. We find similar texts in Acts as well. What Does It Mean That Women Should Remain Quiet in Church? When they entered the land, they were to keep a feast, or festival, in which they were to bring their firstfruits (bread made from new grain) as an offering to God. Personal tongues, therefore, edifies the speaker only, but the charismatic gift of speaking in tongues is for edification of the entire body. 1 Corinthians 14:2, 4 For he that speaketh in an unknown tongue My question comes directly from 1 Cor 14: 2, 4: 2 For one who speaks in a tongue does not speak to men but to God; for Webglossolalia, also called speaking in tongues, (from Greek glssa, tongue, and lalia, talking), utterances approximating words and speech, usually produced during states of intense religious experience. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company. WebActs 2:6. Is it realistic for an actor to act in four movies in six months? A primary word; 'fire'. in Acts 2:1). How the Spirit is working and what he is bringing about depends on the context. Right from the beginning, Acts 2 is concerned with new structures and dynamics that bring the old structures and dynamics to their appointed end. It is not a means of instruction. In this case it sounded something like a great wind. church. Only then can we discern the author's purpose in writing and ensure we do not abuse his words by making a single sentence out to teach something contrary to the author's intention. He, she, it, they, them, same. What is a divided tongue? In the Latin nations the name of Pentecost remains scarcely altered. I look forward to seeing your future posts. Adjective - Accusative Masculine Singular. First, I have the person read Acts 2:4. A couple suggestions for improvement. Paul makes a distinction between personal prayer and edification-tongues and the charismatic gift of tongues in chapters 12-14 of 1 Corinthians. Acts 4:8,31 Then Peter, filled with the Holy Ghost, said unto them, Ye rulers of the people, and elders of Israel, , Acts 6:3,5,8 Wherefore, brethren, look ye out among you seven men of honest report, full of the Holy Ghost and wisdom, whom we may appoint over this business. VERSE 5 I would that ye all spake with tongues but rather that ye prophesied: for greater is he that prophesieth than he that speaketh with tongues, except he interpret, that the church may receive edifying. They have not been going through the motions of generating the sounds of speech which always results in SILENCE. All Rights Reserved. Many Christians understand this verse to mean that the disciples begin to speak in a heavenly language transcending human linguistic structuresunlike any language on earth. The disciples are together, and something happens that can be explained only by analogy, not from past experience: Suddenly there came from heaven a sound like a Web* To speak in different tongues: ecstatic prayer in praise of God, interpreted in Acts 2:6, 11 as speaking in foreign languages, symbolizing the worldwide mission of the church. WebActs 2:3. It should be apparent that speaking in an unknown tongue only edifies the person who does the speaking, but it definitely does not edify the entire church body. WebActs 2:6 And when this sound rang out, a crowd came together in bewilderment, because each one heard them speaking his own language. They are also, as a result, given authority to forgive sins on his behalf (John 20:23). Brian J. Vickers (PhD, The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary) is professor of New Testament interpretation and biblical theology at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and the assistant editor of the Southern Baptist Journal of Theology. Luke seems to be speaking in the sense of capacity (filling language), but how do we think of capacity when the receptacles are people and the substance is the Holy Spirit? To fill, fulfill, complete. because he maketh intercession for the saints according to the will of Rhet. The Greek word that is translated tongues is glossa, which refers to the organ in your mouth or the use of that organ, a language. The Greek word for other is heteros, it means another of a different kind. We could translate this, "they spoke with different languages ." Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Plural. The Holy Spirit gives us the perfect will of God. 37:9). , , , 2:4 Greek NT: Westcott and Hort 1881, 2:4 Greek NT: Westcott and Hort / [NA27 and UBS4 variants], 2:4 Greek NT: RP Byzantine Majority Text 2005, 2:4 Greek NT: Greek Orthodox Church, 2:4 Greek NT: Tischendorf 8th Edition, 2:4 Greek NT: Scrivener's Textus Receptus 1894, 2:4 Greek NT: Stephanus Textus Receptus 1550. 10). This is precisely how speaking in tongues works, with one variation. Likewise the Spirit also helpeth our infirmities: for we know not what we should pray for as we ought: but the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which cannot be uttered. Using a well know nursery rhyme such as "Mary Had a Little Lamb," I tell the person to repeat after me, and then I recite the rhyme. for he is like a refiner's fire, and like fullers' soap: , Acts 1:15 And in those days Peter stood up in the midst of the disciples, and said, (the number of names together were about an hundred and twenty,), Isaiah 11:2,3 And the spirit of the LORD shall rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge and of the fear of the LORD; . let him speak to himself, and to God.. After his resurrection, Jesus appears to the Eleven and breathes on them, saying, Receive the Holy Spirit (John 20:22). 9Parthians and Medes and Elamites and residents of Mesopotamia, Judea and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia, 10Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt and the parts of Libya belonging to Cyrene, and visitors from Rome, 11both Jews and proselytes, Cretans and Arabianswe hear them telling in our own tongues the mighty works of God. 12And all were amazed and perplexed, saying to one another, What does this mean? Please check errors and resubmit. Just as the Spirit of God rested on the nation of Israel corporately, after Pentecost the Spirit divides and rests on every individual of the new covenantal community. (Acts 2:5-6 NASB) The latter half of that verse is an idiomatic statement; it means there were Jews from many other countries present in Jerusalem. (a) of two: another, a second, (b) other, different, (c) one's neighbor. Acts 4:31 After they had prayed, their meeting place was shaken, and they were all filled with the Holy Spirit and spoke the word of God boldly. (In some cases, there is no phenomenon, such as was the case with Paul --then Saul-- who had received the outpouring of the Spirit of God through the laying of hands, but there was no result other than the shedding of scales from his eyes according to Acts 9:17-18). They are unknown in that the people speaking had not learned them. Acts 10:4546; 19:6). (1 Timothy 2). The apostles experience of the Spirit is, by necessity of their era, different than it is for every succeeding generation. The firstfruits offering stood both for hope in the coming of the full harvest and as a sign of thanksgiving for Gods provision. Paul was trying to drive them in the direction of love (i.e. iii. (2) When St. Luke wrote his account of the Day of Pentecost, he must have had--partly through his companionship with St. Paul, partly from personal observation--a wide knowledge of the phenomena described as connected with the "tongues" in 1 Corinthians 14. VERSE 13 Wherefore let him that speaketh in an unknown tongue pray that he may interpret. The reception of the Spirit in Acts 2:2 is for carrying out Jesus commission to witness. Kudos. WebActs 2:4: "began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave" Acts 2:11: "them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God." saith the LORD; and like a hammer that breaketh the rock in pieces? The apostles, filled with the Holy Spirit, and speaking various languages. The secret things belong unto the LORD our God: but those things which are revealed belong unto us and to our children for ever, that we may Learn more or donate today at, ESV Expository Commentary: JohnActs (Volume 9). You might want to do that again, as your edits may have been erased between the time you made the edits and the time I finished my editing. These texts, along with those in Luke, determine what the phrase means in Acts 2:4 and in Acts generally. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. However in Acts In light of the context of the book as a whole, and the immediate context, It is virtually inconceivable that Paul's intention in 14:2-4 was to detail a special new gift of "self-serving by the Spirit" - the Spirit who was specifically given for empowerment for ministry. The angel, seeing the blood, would pass over the Israelites but would inflict destruction on Egypt by taking its firstborn sons. This cannot edify the entire church body because no man understands JUST speaking in tongues. I see your interest is in sound doctrine, mine too! This becomes the foundation of the second dramatization. God. @user2479 I updated my post to clarify what I meant. This is not related to the "gift of tongues" as recorded in Acts 2:1-13. And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name shall they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues; You should have no trouble seeing that the first purpose for speaking in tongues is a sign of being a believer in Yeshua Messiah. Speaking in tongues and having that utterance interpreted is the same as a word of prophecy because everyone is edified. And there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, &c.] An emblem of the various tongues and languages, in which they were to preach the Gospel; these appearances were like flames of fire parted, and these parted flames looked like tongues; so, a flame of fire is with, the Jews called, (va Nwvl) , "a tongue of fire", ( Isaiah 5:24) hence the Apostle Don, Do you mind pointing out where those two exceptions are, and what Greek word was used instead? Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative Masculine 3rd Person Plural. Here and there, some mind with a special gift of insight may be able to interpret with clear articulate speech what had been mysterious and dark (1Corinthians 14:13). Because God's love was unmerited, it is unchanging. The tongues appeared and sat. Please see the following chart, below. We are not told whether the spiritual gift of "interpretation" was also in play. Oh, I was very clever about it. The hour, we may infer from Acts 2:15, was early in the morning, and probably followed on a night of prayer. The function of corporate tongues is the same as the function of personal tongues. I have those who choose the Holy Spirit reread the verse, pointing out that THEY were filled with the HOLY GHOST AND BEGAN TO SPEAK. WebIn Acts 2:4 Luke uses a different adjective when he says, they began to speak with other tongues. The word other (Gr. Ananias tells Paul he will be filled with the Holy Spirit (Acts 9:17). Hebr. The image is of Gods bringing Israel back from exile, redeeming them as in a new exodus, with this great exception: this time he promises to give them his Spirit (Ezek. He is actively involved in leading short-term mission trips and teaching overseas. Verse 2 The sound like wind came from heaven, the place where Jesus had gone ( Acts 1:10-11 ). You may unsubscribe from these email communications at any time. Notice that the word "tongues" appears in verse 4, but in verse 6, the word "language" is used. In this regard, the disciples of John the Baptist both spoke in tongues and prophesied in Acts 19:1-6. After the tongues of fire split, they settled over each person present ( ). Would they then have to wait for the appropriate linguist before they would 'give utterance' to what they knew not? The CSB does a much better job at explaining the sequence of actions. While he was on earth, Jesus was directly present with his followers, who, even with their obvious shortcomings, did provide evidence of believing in him to whatever extent was possible (Lord, to whom shall we go? Why don't we follow Paul's discussion about a Public Sunday Morning Worship Service, and not 'blanket it to mean 'in every circumstance'? A third option is to understand the word tongues as being used in the NT both for human languages and for heavenly speech, with both manifestations being works of the Spirit. (see 1 Cor. When God gives us the interpretation, we speak out in the understanding so God can give that creation to us in the physical, natural realm, where we can use it to glorify him. Please take a moment to review the reasons I gave for the edit. The early church recognized speaking in tongues as the evidence of the Holy Spirit baptism (Acts 2:16-18; 10:46; 19:6), and they did so with good reason. Paul is addressing a slew of such problems in his letter, and urging them toward true spiritual maturity: loving their brothers. In the Hebrew Bible, the Prophet Joel predicted the outpouring of the Spirit of God, when all men, young and old, would prophesy and dream dreams (Joel 2:28-32, which Peter cited in Acts 2:17-21). Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Plural. (Malachi 1). In this regard, the Apostle Paul provides specific guidelines and nuance in 1 Cor 14:2-23 regarding the purpose of tongues for believers and unbelievers. The apostles, filled with the Holy Spirit, and speaking various languages. And began to speak with other tongues.--Two facts have to be remembered as we enter upon the discussion of a question which is, beyond all doubt, difficult and mysterious. The, the definite article. The fire could also be an echo of Isaiah 6:47, where the prophets tongue is cleansed with a burning coal. WebWe all know, of course, the account of the day of Pentecost, recorded in Acts 2. Do peer-reviewers ignore details in complicated mathematical computations and theorems? 1 Corinthians 14:22. When we confess something in the spiritual language, it becomes a reality in the spiritual realm. That makes sense as we are purposefully activating the Holy Spirit in our life when we use this prayer language. You have the words of eternal life. You are the Christ. I believe; help my unbelief.). In short, you do not know what you should pray for as you ought. The Greek word edify oikodome refers to the act of constructing a building. I have the person be himself, while I act the part of the Holy Spirit. It must be understood that any utterance in tongues which is a singular utterance, obviously understood as being for or to the entire assembly, must always be accompanied by an interpretation so all may be edified. Texts such as 1 Corinthians 13:1, where Paul mentions speaking in the tongues of men and of angels, are cited in support (cf. What, then, are those phenomena? If the disciples "spoke in tongues" in Acts 2:4, and they were Galileans, how then would they have interpreted "what the Spirit gave them utterance"? Romans 8:26-27 Likewise the Spirit also helpeth our infirmities: for But that issue seems to fall outside the scope of this question. This is the second time in short order that heaven and earth intersect. Apparently there was nearly as much turmoil over tongues in the early church as there is today. A forked tongue? Malachi 3:2,3 But who may abide the day of his coming? Once we have used the power of speaking in tongues to create what we need, we must (or someone else must) speak it out in the natural world so God can make it a physical reality. Every man heard them speak in his own language (Acts 2:6). It seems more appropriate to see this as part of a rebuke to a selfish and foolish congregation. Paul stresses the fact that we (all together) are the (one) body of Christ in the following verses: 1 Corinthians 12:12-14, 17-20, 25-27; 14:19, 23, 26, 28, 33. Also, in Acts 10:46 they(Cornelius & household) spoke in tongues-who interpreted? Once they have read this verse of scripture, I ask them to tell me who was doing the speaking. Acts 1:5 For John truly baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days hence. To further press the point, I run through a short dramatization with the individual as follows. Another form for kathezomai; to seat down, i.e. . (The Corinthians weren't even trying to minister to others!) VERSE 2 For he that speaketh in an unknown tongue speaketh not unto men, but unto God: for no man understandeth him; howbeit in the spirit he speaketh mysteries. riches of secret places, that thou mayest know that I, the LORD, which The destruction of Jerusalem foretold in the Olivet Discourse is described as days of vengeance, to fulfill all that is written (Luke 21:22). Indeed, speaking in other tongues was the initial evidence of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost. Throughout Acts. 3And divided tongues as of fire appeared to them and rested on each one of them. Answers begin with the text, show each logical step toward an answer to the question, support assertions with credible sources, and stop short of application. Passover commemorated the coming of the angel of death, the last plague, to Egypt. "ERROR: column "a" does not exist" when referencing column alias, List of resources for halachot concerning celiac disease, Toggle some bits and get an actual square. This is not to say their experience is totally different or unconnected to the receiving of the Spirit seen after Peters sermon, only that this instance is a special equipping for a special group of people. I will say more about this, later. I tell the person to recite the nursery rhyme again, but this time they are not to use their tongue, larynx, diaphragm, or lips when they speak out. And there appeared to them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat on each of them. A sound from heaven Probably thunder is meant, which is the harbinger of the Divine presence. When we first speak out in tongues to create what we need or want, those things belong to God. @user2479 I think you might be confusing Paul's appreciation for the spiritual gift of tongues with the Corinthians' self-centered abuse of that gift, which Paul pretty clearly was not OK with. 2And suddenly there came from heaven a sound like a mighty rushing wind, and it filled the entire house where they were sitting. call thee by thy name, am the God of Israel. On that night, the Israelites were told to sacrifice a lamb and spread its blood over their doorpost. Can state or city police officers enforce the FCC regulations? You will recall Romans 10:17. Praying in tongues goes right to the heart of the issue by declaring the perfect will of God over the situation. 14:2-20, and translated into English as "tongue" or "tongues," are forms of the Greek verb (, glossa). It is clear (1) that such an use of the word would be natural in writers trained as St. Paul and St. Luke had been in the language of Greek schools; and (2) that it exactly falls in with the conclusion to which the phenomena of the case leads us, apart from the word. It could come only as a result of Gods previous work. The tongues appeared to them, meaning, they saw the tongues. Tongues does not edify the church body, but it does serve as a sign to the unbeliever. That was a well written article I seen hermeneutics. Fifty days later, Israel was at Sinai, receiving Gods law through Moses. (Revelation 13). 14. We have to read the narrative of the Acts in the light thrown upon it by the treatment in that chapter of the phenomena described by the self-same words as the Pentecost wonder. The number of instances is as follows: It becomes obvious that Paul is using the assembled church body as his context, and not people in their personal lives. From the particle au; the reflexive pronoun self, used of the third person, and of the other persons. When the Holy Spirit places the utterance in our spirit we speak out that utterance in natural fashion by using our tongue, larynx, diaphragm, and lips. By using this word, Paul says that speaking in tongues will build us up spiritually as well. I believe it would be a misnomer to say that there are two different types of tongues. Job 11:6 And that he would shew thee the secrets of wisdom, that they are double to that which is! From before their ancestors birth, God has loved Israel. The charismatic gift of tongues is NOT for PERSONAL edification! As regards the terms which are used to describe the gift, the English reader must be reminded that the word "unknown" is an interpolation which appears for the first time in the version of 1611. How to automatically classify a sentence or text based on its context? You will no doubt wonder why there are people who pray in tongues, and even sing in tongues in the assembled church, but no interpretation is ever given. Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professors, theologians, and those interested in exegetical analysis of biblical texts. The gift of speaking in tongues is seen to operate in two distinct ways: personal and corporate. The only way to bring understanding to the entire body, when an utterance in tongues has been brought forth in the assembly, is to have the interpretation of that utterance brought forth as well. The proof of this lies in Acts 2:1-13. @user2479 I haven't said anything about "tongues of angels", nor did the OP, nor does 1 Cor. So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God. A prolonged form of an otherwise obsolete verb; to talk, i.e. You have noticed the strain on their marriage, but you do not know why it is there. But so far all you have given me is agitated ranting. . Tongues do exactly that. 1 Corinthians 2:7 But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even I am sure we can all agree that Gods word is his will. WebIt is a legitimate, established language. According to the manner in which, in the degree that, just as, as. Can I change which outlet on a circuit has the GFCI reset switch? WebFor the distinction between the words in the N.T., see below on Acts 2:22. is often used of some startling portent, or of some strange appearance in the heavens, so here fitly used of the sun being turned into darkness, etc. Those who were filled with the Holy Ghost are the ones who spoke in tongues, but only as the Holy Spirit who gave them utterance. @user2479 If you would like me to help you understand my answer better (or the text) I would be happy to make time to do that for you. In Acts 2:33 Peter says that Jesus received the Spirit from the Father specifically for the pouring out received at Pentecost. This is GRK: . Pentecost is the Greek word for "50 Days" and is the Greek name of the Biblical holiday called the Feast of Weeks. They were divided () and they where like fire and who shall stand when he appeareth? I edited your post in hopes to avoid its being closed. When we have completed the exercise, I ask the person, Who was doing the speaking just now? The reply is always that they were doing the speaking, of course. The Spirits work in salvation does not take second place in Actsreception of the Spirit is the primary reason Gentiles must be baptized and recognized as full-fledged members of the new covenant (Acts 15:89)but at Pentecost specifically the disciples are filled with power for the great work of that day. WebActs 2:4 Greek Study Bible ( Apostolic / Interlinear) . Tongues are used to speak the perfect will of God directly to God. A prolonged form of a primary pleo to 'fill' (imbue, influence, supply); specially, to fulfil. . It is, in fact, the last Pentecost. They seem to have been citing "personal edification" as their justification. It must be the last, because the final Passover took place fifty days earlier when Jesus, the spotless Lamb of God, was crucified for the sins of Gods people. With two exceptions, the Greek words seen in Acts 2:4-11; 1 Cor. This was the sacrifice to end all sacrifices (see Heb. It seems like you are upset about something that I said, but I'm not sure what exactly. Why was there no need for the gift of interpretation of tongues (1 Cor 14) at Pentecost (Acts 2)? It does not edify any beyond the man who speaks (1Corinthians 14:4). Prophecy is not a sign to the unbeliever, but it does edify the assembled church body. C) The third purpose is to speak creative mysteries to God as we pray in tongues (1 Corinthians 14:2). Since faith comes by hearing the word of God, it would stand to reason that speaking in tongues would have to incorporate the word of God if it was going to increase us in the area of our faith.
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