Nor do the figures include additional deportations after the war). Ursprnge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevlkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevlkerungswissenschaft: Hans Sperling, Die Luftkriegsverluste whrend des zweiten Weltkriegs in Deutschland, Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. German Federal Archive Spieler, Silke. The Hahn's maintain that the 473,013 confirmed deaths is a correct accounting of the losses. Dtv, Neuauflage 1992. of Commerce) Washington 1953. p. 43 The U.S. Commerce Dept. According to the official history of the Italian Army (Rovighi, Alberto (1988), Estimates for total Japanese war dead in 19371945 range from at least 2.5million. Deported during the War 19411945 about 2.3million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities including: Soviet Germans 1,209,000; Finns 9,000; Karachays 69,000; Kalmyks 92,000; Chechens and Ingush 479,000; Balkars 37,000; Crimean Tatars 191,014; Meskhetian Turks 91,000; Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42,000; Ukrainian OUN members 100,000; Poles 30,000. Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 2005; Gregory Frumkin. ^S Germany The Allied operations were then succeeded by the German Ardennes offensive. 1823, Mikhalev, S. N (2000). In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. Second phase: July-September 1916 "Gunfire" includes tanks of course, but also includes AT Guns, StuGs, other SPGs, and artillery pieces. Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines. A discussion of the famine in Java during 194445, leads Pierre van der Eng to conclude that 2.4million Indonesians perished. That was sometimes done if the deceased was, for example, an ammunition worker, air raid victim or a civilian worker who for some other reason died because of the war. In: Wolfgang Benz (Hg. The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear-cut. by Michael Berenbaum New York University Press 1990; Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000; Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands, Basic Books 2010, pp. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Italian losses amounted to 1,250 killed or missing, 4,780 wounded, and no information is provided on any who were captured. Of this total 120,000 died and 160,000 were injured in the atomic bombings, leaving 213,000 dead and 313,000 injured by conventional bombing. The West German government put the number of Germans killed by the Nazi political, racial and religious persecution at 300,000 (including 170,000 German Jews). Civilian war dead are included with the nations where they resided. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish. [392] English language sources put the death toll at 2 to 3million based on the West German government statistical analysis of the 1950s. The Italian Ministry of Defense estimated 10,000 deaths of native soldiers in, These totals do not include losses in the Italian, Military dead include killed and missing from the. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War", "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "The German Army and the Racial Nature of the War Against the Soviet Union", "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich", "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. [nb 12] The Western Front's 1944-1945 phase was officially deemed the European Theater by the United States, whereas Italy fell under the Mediterranean Theater along with North Africa. The annual death rate in 19421945 of Americans interned by Japan was about 3.5%. [147] The French forces launched a small offensive, the Saar Offensive against Germany in the Saar region but halted their advance and returned. While the U.S. Ninth and First Armies held their ground from Magdeburg through Leipzig to western Czechoslovakia, Eisenhower ordered three Allied field armies (1st French, and the U.S. POW deaths 3,000. Because of the decline in activity in the two port cities, the constant threat of incendiary raids, and the formal evacuation programs of the Government, an unknown number of the inhabitants had either drifter away from the cities or been removed according to plan. ", "Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014-2015 p. 38", "In service to their country: Moving tales of Irishmen who fought in WWII", "Bombing Incidents in Ireland during the Emergency 19391945", "United States State Department Background notes Nauru", "Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) Netherlands", "Newfoundlanders and Labradorians in WWII", "Auckland War Museum, World War Two Hall of Memories", "Research Starters: Worldwide Deaths in World War II", "AJR-27 War crimes: Japanese military during World War II", "Department of Defence (Australia), 2002, "A Short History of East Timor", "Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations and Military Conflicts: A Statistical Study", "Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II - Europe Asia Studies, July 1994", "The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War (in Russian)", "The Diplomacy of Apology: U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II", "The UNITED KINGDOM: country population", "Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour 1939 1945", "U.S. Census BureauWorld Population Historical Estimates of World Population", https://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess, "Bundeskanzleramt der Republik sterreich Startseite Bundeskanzleramt sterreich", Bundesarchiv Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus, http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess, Statistisches Jahrbuch fr die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p.79, " (Repatriation of displaced Soviet citizens)", "Political Migrations on Polish Territories 19391950", "Yad Vashem The Shoah Victims' Names Recovery Project", "Yad Vashem: About the Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names: FAQs", "File:Hungary in 1941 with territories annexed in 1938-1941.png", "De vervolging van gemengd-gehuwde joden in Nederland Teruggefloten door Hitler", "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. [2] According to Russian government figures, USSR losses within postwar borders now stand at 26.6million,[3][4] including 8 to 9million due to famine and disease. Manchuria & USSR 7,483 killed and 4,641 wounded. [1] Deaths directly caused by the war (including military and civilian fatalities) are estimated at 5056million, with an additional estimated 1928million deaths from war-related disease and famine. Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. A raid on Sark on the night of 3/4 October 1942 is notable because a few days after the incursion the Germans issued a propaganda communiqu implying at least one prisoner had escaped and two were shot while resisting having their hands tied. The French Ministry of Defense puts French military war dead at 200,000. H.W. ", "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. by Konrad Adenauer. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. During the push east, the cities of Frankfurt am Main, Kassel, Magdeburg, Halle and Leipzig were strongly defended by ad hoc German garrisons made up of regular troops, Flak units, Volkssturm and armed Nazi Party auxiliaries. Fighting began with Operation Weserbung, the German invasion of Denmark and Norway, in April, 1940. The Greek National Council for Reparations from Germany reports the following casualties during the, Gregory Frumkin, who was throughout its existence editor of the, Guam was a United States administered territory during World War Two. At the Maginot Line on the other side of the border, French troops stood facing them, whilst the British Expeditionary Force and other elements of the French Army created a defensive line along the Belgian border. Civilian deaths totaled 50-55 million. This belief is untrue. Ostarbeiters and POW in Third Reich and Their Repatriation) (Russian). Army To this must be added the 263,000655,000 who died, giving a rough total of 8 million German soldiers having served on the Western Front in 19441945. According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare Japanese war dead (193745) totaled 3.1million persons including 2.3million soldiers and Army/Navy civilian employees, 500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 civilians living outside of Japan. Total missing and POW were 341,765 (283,322 with Axis and 58,443 with Allies), only about 80,000 survived Soviet captivity. This figure is cited in reference works dealing with World War II. Egyptian military casualties were 1,125 killed and 1,308 wounded. While the majority of the German army was mustered for the invasion of the Soviet Union, construction began on the Atlantic Wall a series of defensive fortifications along the French coast of the English Channel. Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis. The Nazis exterminated one to two million Soviet Jews (including the annexed territories) as part of the Holocaust. Civilian deaths totaled 5055million. It's all about the recipe. Micronesian war related civilian deaths were caused by American bombing and shellfire; and malnutrition caused by the U.S. blockade of the islands. The West German government did not list euthanasia victims along with the war dead. They place the ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern Europe. French Indochina 2,803 killed and 6,000 wounded. Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt requested permission to withdraw east behind the Rhine, arguing that further resistance would only delay the inevitable, but was ordered by Hitler to fight where his forces stood. Military deaths 6,750 which included 3,900 regular Army, 2,600 Navy forces, and 250 POW in Germany. [40], General Eisenhower's Armies were facing resistance that varied from almost non-existent to fanatical[41] as they advanced toward Berlin, which was located 200km (120mi) from their positions in early April 1945. Netherlands figure listed in the table of 112,000 Jews taken from, Donald L. Niewyk, professor of history at Southern Methodist University, maintains that the Holocaust can be defined in four ways: first, that it was the genocide of the Jews alone; second, that there were several parallel Holocausts, one for each of the several groups; third, the Holocaust would include Roma and the handicapped along with the Jews; fourth, it would include all racially motivated German crimes, such as the murder of Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, as well as political prisoners, religious dissenters, and homosexuals. Defending the Ardennes were troops of the US First Army. Generals Eisenhower and Bradley concluded that pushing beyond the Elbe made no sense since eastern Germany was destined in any case to be occupied by the Red Army. ^I China Studies on the Population of China, 13681953. Manchuria: 45,900, 800, (46,700) Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevlkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung. In turn, it commanded three groups: the Wehrmacht Netherlands Command (Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Niederlande) or WBN, covering the Dutch and Belgian coasts and Army Group B, covering the coast of northern France with the German 15th Army (HQ in Tourcoing), in the area north of the Seine; the 7th Army, (HQ in Le Mans), between the Seine and the Loire defending the English Channel and the Atlantic coast, and Army Group G with responsibility for the Bay of Biscay coast and Vichy France, with its 1st Army, (HQ in Bordeaux), responsible for the Atlantic coast between the Loire and the Spanish border and the 19th Army, (HQ in Avignon), responsible for the Mediterranean coast. Navy total 414,879 killed and 14,155 wounded and missing. Sakhalin, the Aleutian, and Kuril Islands: 8,200, 3,200, (11,400) . 360,000 dead or wounded, and 1,900,000 captured. The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources, including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available. 7,614,790 were held in POW camps by early June of 1945 (including 3,404,950 who were disarmed following the surrender of Germany), All totals listed only include direct deaths due to military activity and crimes against humanity, including the, German deployments to the Western Front (plus Italy) reached levels as high as approximately 40% of their ground forces, and 75% of the. The sources for the casualties of the individual nations do not use the same methods, and civilian deaths due to starvation and disease make up a large proportion of the civilian deaths in China and the Soviet Union. The Germans launched a second, smaller offensive (Nordwind) into Alsace on 1 January 1945. 2-These statistics include casualties of the volunteer forces from the Soviet Union. Andreev, E.M.; Darski, L.E. 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