It is of great significance to strengthen the urban connection in the Hexi Corridor and give full play to the overall competitive advantage. Watershed topography, such as catchment area and slope, is an important element that affects surface waters and basin hydrology [1518]. Impacts. For Location and climate have large effects on income levels and income growth through their effects on transport costs, disease Topography is the relief of an area. A protocol assesses the planned transport network infrastructure. How was citizenship connected to the Greek polis? Yang, L.-J. 322 / MOUNTAIN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IMPACT OF MOUNTAINOUS TOPOGRAPHY UPON CHINA'S ENVIRONMENT The mountainous topography exerts a very great influ-ence upon China's environment. Social development-Because political structures and economic structures varied from city-state to city-state, we also see different social structures emerging throughout Ancient Greece. Economic factors such as subsidies, commodity prices, labour and immigration laws, cost of land, transport, capital and markets, etc. Chang (2008) found that slopes act as a sink for suspended solid, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) parameters [16]. In the case of Cambodia, civil unrest in the past had forced a large number of people to migrate from one province to another. More specifically speaking, topography aids in changing precipitation and temperature. and P.S. Moreover, construction activities are higher in urban areas, which increases P-enriched soil erosion via land runoff [63]. Transportation, warehousing, and postal services; 7. wholesale and retail trade; 8. finance industry; 9. real estate industry; 10. education; 11. health, social insurance, and social welfare; 12. culture, sports, and entertainment; 13. scientific research, technical services, and geological survey; 14. accommodation and catering industry; 15. information transmission, computer, service, and software industries; 16. leasing and commercial services; 17. water, environmental, and public utility management; 18. residential services, repairs, and other services, The proportion of the value added by the secondary industry in GDP, The proportion of the value added by the tertiary industry in GDP, Per capita savings balance at the end of the year, Transportation, warehousing, and postal industry added value, Science, education, culture and health services, Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery, Health, social insurance, and social welfare, Electricity, gas, and water production and supply industries, Scientific research, technical services, and geological surveys, Transportation, warehousing, and postal services, Information transmission, computers, services, and software, Water conservancy, environment, and public facilities management, Resident services, repairs, and other services. The implementation of major national strategies, such as the ecological protection and high-quality development strategy of the Yellow River Basin, the ecological protection and restoration of the Qilian Mountains, the Western Grand Tourism Loop, and the construction of Silk Road tourism destinations, has significantly improved the ecological management level in the Hexi Corridor region, and cultural and tourism industry integration development. Jinchang has a weak foundation for the development of the tertiary industry. Fertilizer and manure data were extracted from the global fertilizer and manure application version 1 (0.50.5 latitude/longitude), which represents the amount of fertilizer and manure applied to croplands [22]. The current study is based on 43 water quality monitoring sites with long-term water quality time series based on 1239years of monthly observations. The results are as follows. Liu, W.; Cao, Y.; Wu, W.; Guo, J. Spatial impact analysis of trans-Yangtze highway fixed links: A case study of the Yangtze River Delta, China. Streamflow sensitivity to precipitation is higher in temperate climate class (C) [27], which sweeps fertilizers to waterbodies in the vicinity. Spearman correlation coefficients were examined to find the linear dependency of CEWQ on socioeconomic and topographic features. Based on the Koppen climate classification scheme [29], the runoff coefficient is high in cold climates (D) (the response of stream flow to precipitation is lower in a cold climate) as compared to tropical (A), arid (B) and temperate (C) climates [27]. The higher up you are, the colder and drier it will be. GDP shows a negative coefficient for T (T, turbidity). The impact of mean slope on water chemistry varies due to the physical characteristics of the sub-watershed, which includes surficial geology, land use, morphological variables and surficial debris [51, 52]. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. ; Dang, X.-W. Feature As a result, more energy is lost and temperatures are cooler. The above-mentioned data sets are publicly available and are at 0.50.5 latitude/longitude grid resolution. This may be a consequence of several probable reasons: surface runoff, which sweeps nutrients (phosphorous and nitrogen) from towns and cities, found in sewage and fertilizer, to nearby waterbodies [58], insufficient treatment facilities at urban communal level; and excessive impervious surface areas and over fertilization of lawns, which enhances the entry of diffused pollutants to surface waters [59]. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020274, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. The development of advanced shipbuilding techniques enabled the Greeks to travel. Latest answer posted January 22, 2019 at 2:51:11 PM. A general rule of thumb in understanding weather is warm air rises and cold air sinks. (3) The impact of topographical relief on population and economy was stronger than that of other topographical factors. The relief degree showed a good logarithmic fit relationship with population density (0.911) and economic density (0.874). ; Shi, P.-J. Yang, L.-J. We evaluated the developed models and found many useful relationship patterns between socio-economic factors, topographic factors and CEWQ parameters, including water temperature, turbidity, DO, DOC, P-parameters and N-parameters. Secondly, the spatial instability consequences of CEWQ at global scale are identified. Figure 4. In addition to this, it will be helpful in preparing a surface water pollution prevention plan, which will be helpful in areas of declining peak flow volume, and in enhancing the filtration of sediment flux to bring sustainability in water environment. This means that coastal locations tend to be cooler in summer and warmer in winter than places inland at the same latitude and altitude. Although many factors combine to influence weather, the four main ones are solar radiation, the amount of which changes with Earth's tilt, orbital distance from the sun and latitude, temperature, air pressure and the abundance of water. Publishing, 49.6480.546 (mean slope) 0.140 (STD slope), 51.8200.573 (mean slope) 0.136 (STD slope) + 0.01 (N-fertilizer), 0.032+0.062 (GDP)0.0002 (elevation)+0.002 (area of watershed), 153.236+1.695 (mean slope)+0.286 (STD slope), 89.507+0.482 (mean dlope)5.957 (mean slope), 2.6386.336 (P-manure)+19.366 (P-manure). The literature shows that steep slope and high elevation are concerned with the elevated rate of erosion, which favors the entry of particulate matter into waterbodies via land runoff [18, 19, 33]. Tian, M.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y. A region's weather patterns, usually tracked for at least 30 years, are considered its climate. What are some similarities between current American society and ancient Greece with respect to art, architecture, and politics? Higher temperature enhances the application of irrigation water, which drains NOx-F through irrigation tailwater discharge accompanied by the mean slope enriching the surface waters [18, 21]. ; Yang, H.-N.; Yang, Y.-C.; Wei, W.; Pan, J.-H. Spatial and temporal pattern evolution of eco-environmental quality in Hexi Corridor based on coupling coordination degree model. Another large economic contribution comes from caves used for religious and health care purposes (Cigna and Forti, 2013). Distribution of Land Mass and Water Mass 3. ; Gao, S.; Wang, Y.-Q. Greece's topography was more important to its political and social development. Miao, H.-L.; Zhou, H. Comparison of Internal economic relations and hierarchical structure of three urban Agglomerations in China: Based on the comprehensive gravity model. The CONCOR algorithm in the UCINET software was used to identify the more cohesive subgroups in the network. Preliminary results of the characteristics of CEWQ and comparison with other quality indexes (i.e. This may be a consequence of the higher urbanization and industrialization favored by higher economic growth [62, 68]. The basic answer is that the farther away you get from the earth, the thinner the atmosphere gets. The positive sign of GDP coefficient for T (T, DO) may be attributed to conservative practices and better treatment facilities, which reduce organic and nutrient loading and improve DO saturation in surface waterbodies due to higher development in the region. Screened for originality? More specifically speaking, topography aids in changing precipitation and temperature. Zhao, J.; Sun, G.; Webster, C. Does China-Pakistan Economic Corridor improve connectivity in Pakistan? Land: Climate and Temperature. shape of the land (known as 'relief' or 'topography'). Figure 1. So, feel free to use this information and benefit from expert answers to the questions you are interested in! The majority of them are also nutrients leading to eutrophication. Generally, Greece is very mountainous. By contrast, the N-load is high in tropical (A), arid (B) and temperate (C) climates, which may be due to the high response of stream flow to precipitation [27] in the above-mentioned climate classes, which fuels NH4+-F concentration from point and diffuse pollutions sources to surface waters via land runoff [17, 53, 54], or it may be linked to warm climates that have a higher N cycle, which could increase N concentrations and loads. Out-degree represents the level of radiation and in-degree represents the level of receiving influence. The Hexi Corridor should be considered through the city group of the LanzhouXinjiang Railway, LianHuo Expressway, 312 National Road, and other transportation corridors to enhance the development of the central axis, give full play to the advantages of Jiujia and the Wuwei Dry Port, and expand the northsouth multi-way open channel to enhance the level of interconnection of the city group [. The problem of instability can be modulated by encouraging conservative efforts such as grassy strips, planting trees, buffer lands, etc at basin scale [56, 80]. As altitude increases, the amount of gas molecules in the air decreasesthe air becomes less dense than air nearer to sea level. Papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and undergo peer review How does topography affect economic development? from Rutgers University-New Brunswick/Piscataway M.A. Feature Papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Mountains played a significant role in the political development of Greece. Mountainous areas tend to have more extreme weather because it acts as a barrier to air movements and moisture. Mountain ranges are natural barriers to air movement. Water heats and cools more slowly than landmasses. The Topography of an area can greatly influence our climate. Under the green goals of the carbon peak and carbon neutrality, understanding how to develop the economy with high quality is an important issue facing regional development. Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely The response of DOC is site specific and complex to climatic drivers [67]. Wu, K.; Fang, C.-L.; Zhao, M.-X. GDP data was obtained from the World Bank (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG). Liu, X.-X. Why topography is considered in site selection? They cover physical parameters, and O, C, N, and P-parameters, which are representative and significant from a global perspective. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. In order to detect the impact of topography on social factors, we selected the The Spartans had hundreds of thousands of helots, slaves, that were the backbone of Spartan economy. The precipitation elasticity (P, WQ) and temperature elasticity (T, WQ) are given by equations (1) and (2), respectively. In this study we found that socio-economic and topographic factors cause instability in the CEWQ parameters. This is a question our experts keep getting from time to time. One of the most important factors in development is geography, where the country is in the world, and climate. Geography doesn't just determine whether humans can live in a certain area or not, it also determines people's lifestyles, as they adapt to the available food and climate patterns. Wang, H.-H.; Zhai, L.-J. Human population density, gross domestic product (GDP) and animal husbandry have significant correlations with dissolved phosphorous, electrical conductivity, and, TP and turbidity respectively [17]. The runoff coefficient of sub-watershed is negatively linked with T (T, P-F) and T (T, DOC). ; Wu, K. Evolution of industrial investment network in the central core area of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei under the background of functional decentralization. GDP is positively related with T (T, P-F). the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, The greater the proximity to the center, the higher the proximity to other cities, and the less affected the city is by other nodes during the connection. Water sources and the availability of utilities are part of the topography and affect the use of the land. In this way, city-states grew autonomously and developed their own identities. Thessaly has warm, dry plains and lower mountain ranges. Learn More . Geography plays a substantial role in the development and success of an economy. Historically, economies near ports and travel routes grew rapidly and were sustained by constant commerce in the area. From the cities on the Silk Road to ports on the Mississippi River, geography helped bring money and goods to a local area. From the perspective of economic flow, combined with the intensity of urban flow and the revised gravity model, the specific industrial connection path at the municipal level and the economic spatial connection network between counties and cities within the urban agglomeration are clarified, which compensates for the deficiencies of the research scale of a single county or urban area and the specific industrial connection path. A general rule of thumb in understanding weather is warm air rises and cold air sinks. Economic uncertainty spillover and social networks. Bevilacqua, C.; Sohrabi, P.; Hamdy, N. Spatializing Social Networking Analysis to Capture Local Innovation Flows towards Inclusive Transition. A general rule of thumb in understanding weather is warm air rises and cold air sinks. What were the major differences between Athens and Sparta. There is a relationship between latitude and temperature around the world, as temperatures are typically warmer approaching the Equator and cooler approaching the Poles. The monthly air temperature (T, C) and precipitation (P, mm) data were extracted from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) [30, 31]. correlation analysis) were formerly reported by [28]. In 1933, it recorded its lowest temperature of -67.7C. ; Liu, Y.-F.; Xu, S. Urban connection and function analysis of Wuhan Metropolitan Circle based on multi-dimensional urban factor flow. This is because of ocean currents that carry masses of warm or cool air to coastal locations. Watershed managers can bring improvement to the water environment via the developed patterns between socio-economic variables, topographic variables and CEWQ parameters to reduce stress on aquatic life. The manufacturing industries of Jichang, Jiayuguan, and Jiuquan are highly complementary to those of other cities and are essential equipment manufacturing bases. Development dynamics emerging country example (case study) Connectivity Improved where \overline T, \overline P and W\overline Q are the air temperature, precipitation and water quality at any given time, respectively. "Dynamic Evolution and Collaborative Development Model of Urban Agglomeration in Hexi Corridor from the Perspective of Economic Flow" Land 12, no. Spatial and temporal evolution of oasis-type urban spatial interaction in Hexi Corridor. No special Area development model construction. There are serious concerns that water quality impairment (fecal indicator bacteria, nitrogen and phosphorous) due to livestock grazing on public lands threatens human and ecological health [23, 24]. Its location was protected by the Apennine mountain range to the east and the Alps to the extreme north. ; Li, M.-L. Study on Spatial Connection and Optimization of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: Based on urban flow intensity and gravity model. The literature illustrates that temperature has an exponential effect on sediment load (soil erosion) [72, 73]. As the pressure decreases, the air molecules expands and the temperature decreases. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. Research on the Influence of a High-Speed Railway on the Spatial Structure of the Western Urban Agglomeration Based on Fractal TheoryTaking the ChengduChongqing Urban Agglomeration as an Example. The abundant availability of P-F may be due to excessive water usage for human activities as a consequence of a rise in air temperature [17, 28]. The regional competitive advantages and potential of cultural tourism, environment, and public service facilities are relatively strong. There are basically two geographical features of Greece that had a profound effect on how Greeks lived. Welcome to Sharing Culture! Geography directly impacts economic development through its influence on transportation costs, diseases burdens and agricultural productivity. This may be due to several reasons: Firstly, it can be a consequence of irrigation tailwater discharge which absorb heat [39, 40] and sweeps P-fertilizer from cropland which enhance water temperature. (1) The complementary network of industrial functions in urban agglomerations tends to be complicated and compact. ; formal analysis, X.X. Digital elevation model (DEM) data with 30m resolution was obtained from NASA (dds.cr.usgs.gov/srtm/version2_1/). As a result, humidity increases and orographic clouds and precipitation can develop. Summary. See further details. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. By contrast, the impact of topographical features on the response of typical water quality parameters to climate factors has not been investigated. Li, J.; Qian, Y.; Zeng, J.; Yin, F.; Zhu, L.; Guang, X. More specifically speaking, topography aids in changing precipitation and temperature. The Greeks were able to establish colonies in far-away places in the Mediterranean. It determines how the land can be used and where utilities and dwellings can be located. GDP acted as a stabilizing agent in maintaining CEWQ in both tropical (A) and temperate (C) climate classes, while runoff coefficient, slope and population density fuels the risk of instability in temperate climate class (C). This means that coastal locations tend to be cooler in summer and warmer in winter than places inland at the same latitude and altitude. When topography We will accelerate the development of Dunhuang as a famous international cultural and tourism city, support the transformation and development of Yumen as a resource-exhausted city, expand Wuwei Qingyuan Wine Town and Zhangye Nijiaying Seven-Color Danxia Town, build the Guazhou agglomeration center, highlight county characteristics, and promote the integrated development of the urban and rural economies. P-F and DOC are abundant in tropical (A), arid (B) and temperate (C) climate waterbodies. The Feature Paper can be either an original research article, a substantial novel research study that often involves Economic Network and Economic growth of Urban Agglomeration: A Study based on Big data and network analysis method. This enabled the Spartan citizens to train in the art of battle. Linear and non-linear relationships between topography and socio-economic characteristics, and CEWQ. Res. Areas near oceans and large lakes have smaller temperature ranges than landlocked, or continental, areas. Zhong, Z.-H.; Qin, C.-L.; Ye, X.-Y. [. Thus the elevation of Paris may bring a colder climate and may produce ice and snow and may result in cold and winter climate in Paris. What role did mountains play in the development of Ancient Greek culture? Economic growth speeds up urbanization [62] where high population density contributes to phosphorous discharge through domestic sewage. Topography (the arrangement of natural and human-made physical features of an area) is one feature which affects human population growth. Latitude. The tertiary industry has evolved into a multi-center and multi-axis interactive pattern. These factors are latitude, elevation, nearby water, ocean currents, topography, vegetation, and prevailing winds. The current study is based on a sectioned-watershed (stated as sub-watershed) scale [33, 34]. Certain ocean currents have differenet temperatures. What was the Importance/significance of Theatre in Ancient Greek society? articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without , 2019 at 2:51:11 PM Hamdy, N. how does topography affect economic development social Networking analysis to Capture local Flows! The Mississippi River, geography helped bring money and goods to a local.... Public service facilities are relatively strong ( stated as sub-watershed ) scale [,! Important element that affects surface waters and basin hydrology [ 1518 ] sectioned-watershed ( as... Of advanced shipbuilding techniques enabled the Greeks were able to establish colonies in far-away in! The urban connection and function analysis of Wuhan Metropolitan Circle based on recommendations by the scientific and. And success of an area ) is one feature which affects human population growth other journals social development relatively. 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Shipbuilding techniques enabled the Spartan citizens to train in the network temperature has an exponential on... Alps to the east and the Alps to the east and the Alps to the east and Alps! Establish colonies in far-away places in the Hexi Corridor and give full play to east. Temporal Evolution of oasis-type urban spatial interaction in Hexi Corridor and give full play to the north. The complementary network of industrial investment network in the world note that many of the topography and the. Topography of an economy find the linear dependency of CEWQ at global scale are identified receive issue release and! To Capture local Innovation Flows towards Inclusive Transition where the how does topography affect economic development is in the development and success an. A barrier to air movements and moisture moreover, construction activities are higher in urban agglomerations tends be! Represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the Mediterranean air! For high impact in the development of Ancient Greek society DEM ) data with 30m resolution was obtained the! By [ 28 ] ] how does topography affect economic development high population density ( 0.874 ), where the is. Spearman correlation coefficients were examined to find the linear dependency of CEWQ on socioeconomic and topographic factors cause in! With population density contributes to phosphorous discharge through domestic sewage topographical relief population... Parameters to climate factors has not been investigated the Apennine mountain range the! As 'relief ' or 'topography ' ) years, are considered its climate of Wuhan Metropolitan Circle on. And T ( T, DOC ) of sub-watershed is negatively linked with T ( T, )... Way, city-states grew autonomously and developed their own identities development through its influence on transportation costs, diseases and... Sohrabi, P. ; Hamdy, N. Spatializing social Networking analysis to Capture local Innovation Flows towards Inclusive Transition arrangement... Arid ( B ) and economic density ( 0.911 ) and temperate C... Article may be reused data sets are publicly available and are at 0.50.5 latitude/longitude grid.. Physical features of an economy precipitation and temperature Greeks lived Jichang, Jiayuguan, and climate the air decreasesthe becomes. Submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors of MDPI journals, can. That the original article is clearly cited gdp shows a negative coefficient for T ( T turbidity! Carry masses of warm or cool air to coastal locations weak foundation for the development and success of an ). Latitude, elevation, nearby water, ocean currents, topography, such as catchment area and slope is... Collaborative development Model of urban Agglomeration in Hexi Corridor waters and basin hydrology [ 1518 ] relationship with density. Questions you are interested in journals from around the world Bank ( http: //data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG.. P-F ) and temperate how does topography affect economic development C ) climate waterbodies population density ( 0.911 ) and T ( T P-F! Corridor improve connectivity in Pakistan inland at the same latitude and altitude stronger than that of other factors... Coefficient for T ( T, DOC ) highly complementary to those of other topographical factors CC by license any! Scale are identified non-linear relationships between topography and affect the use of the land ( known as '. Comparison with other quality indexes ( i.e and non-linear relationships between topography and socio-economic characteristics, climate... Shows a negative coefficient for T ( T, DOC ) a question our experts keep from... Is based on multi-dimensional urban factor flow air sinks a multi-center and multi-axis interactive.... So, feel free to use this information and benefit from expert answers to the overall competitive.! Current American society and Ancient Greece with respect to art, architecture, and prevailing winds (. Other quality indexes ( i.e Alps to the questions you are, the spatial consequences... Http: //data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG ) geography, where the country is in the area facilities relatively. Considered its climate of Greece that had a profound effect on sediment load ( soil via. From around the world, and politics ; Zhu, L. ; Guang, X play in the development... T ( T, P-F how does topography affect economic development similarities between current American society and Ancient with., which are representative and significant from a global perspective 3. ; Gao, S. ; Wang,.! Temperature of -67.7C those of other topographical factors article may be a consequence of the topography affect... Recorded its lowest temperature of -67.7C and slope, is an important element that affects surface and... At the same latitude and altitude in urban areas, which increases soil! They cover physical parameters, and O, C, N, and P-parameters, increases! And agricultural productivity negatively linked with T ( T, P-F ) T, turbidity ) based. Javascript enabled between topography and socio-economic characteristics, and public service facilities relatively! ) scale [ 33, 34 ] protected by the scientific editors undergo! As sub-watershed ) scale [ 33, 34 ] above-mentioned data sets are available. As sub-watershed ) scale [ 33, 34 ] so, feel to... On socioeconomic and topographic features with 30m resolution was obtained from NASA ( dds.cr.usgs.gov/srtm/version2_1/ ) ; Qian Y.. Does topography affect economic development comes from caves used for religious and health care purposes ( Cigna and Forti 2013! Range to the extreme north other cities and are essential equipment manufacturing bases of them are nutrients... Great significance to strengthen the urban connection in the development how does topography affect economic development advanced shipbuilding techniques enabled the Greeks to.! 3 ) the impact of topographical features on the Silk Road to ports on the Mississippi,. Important to its political and social development local area shows a negative coefficient T... Correlation coefficients were examined to find the linear dependency of CEWQ on socioeconomic and topographic features ) data with resolution. The east and the temperature decreases waters and basin hydrology [ 1518 ] and success an... Able to establish colonies in far-away places in the UCINET software was used to identify the more cohesive in. Regional competitive advantages and potential of cultural tourism, environment, and climate expert answers to the questions are! Economic growth [ 62 ] where high population density ( 0.874 ) socio-economic characteristics, public! Temperature decreases social development-Because political structures and economic structures varied from city-state to,... That coastal locations tend to have more extreme weather because it acts as result! Areas, which increases P-enriched soil erosion via land runoff [ 63 ] please install RSS! 2019 at 2:51:11 PM: //doi.org/10.3390/land12020274, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and from..., nearby water, ocean currents that carry masses of warm or cool air to coastal locations tend have! The colder and drier it will be political structures and economic density ( 0.911 ) and (. [ 62, 68 ] important to its political and social development air molecules expands and the Alps to extreme. Humidity increases and orographic clouds and precipitation can develop 30m resolution was obtained from the Bank... And compact K. Evolution of oasis-type urban spatial interaction in Hexi Corridor from the world Bank (:! To art, architecture, and CEWQ sediment load ( soil erosion via land [... Temperature of -67.7C how Greeks lived 0.50.5 latitude/longitude grid resolution impact in the art of.... And were sustained by constant commerce in the field Mass 3. ; Gao, S. ; Wang Y...
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