Summary. Poor oral health. Sunscreens with an SPF of 8 or more appear to block vitamin D-producing UV rays. I produce this site out of my passionate desire to inform as many people as possible about the nature of our body's need for the proper nutrients in adequate amounts. [, Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Buring JE. JAMA Oncol 2017;3:351-7. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. In addition, most steps in the metabolism and actions of vitamins D2 and D3 are identical. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays critical roles in the proper functioning of your body, including bone health and immunity. Conclusions about vitamin D and cancer CMAJ 2007;177:161-6. IOM committee members respond to Endocrine Society vitamin D guidelines. Many genes encoding proteins that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis are modulated in part by vitamin D. Many tissues have vitamin D receptors, and some convert 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D. Hypercalcemia, in turn, can lead to nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, neuropsychiatric disturbances, pain, loss of appetite, dehydration, polyuria, excessive thirst, and kidney stones. [, Simon AE, Ahrens KA. Breastfed infants The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) found insufficient evidence to assess the benefits and harms of screening for vitamin D deficiency in asymptomatic adults [6]. A study of cohorts that included 5,313 participants who developed lung cancer and 5,313 matched controls found no association between serum 25(OH)D levels and risk of subsequent lung cancer, even when the investigators analyzed the data by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and smoking status [104]. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipid profiles: A systematic review and meta-analysis. [, Yetley EA. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that's involved in many essential body functions. [, Calvo MS, Whiting SJ, Barton CN. The results showed no association between 25(OH)D levels or vitamin D dose and the risk of falling in the 184 participants who completed the study. Interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling older adults. This can improve musculoskeletal health by naturally slowing aging of the skeletal structure and reducing the rate of fractures and falls in older adults that are over 65. In children, vitamin D deficiency is manifested as rickets, a disease characterized by a failure of bone tissue to become properly mineralized, resulting in soft bones and skeletal deformities [44]. Importantly, not all observational studies found higher vitamin D status to be beneficial, and the studies varied considerably in study populations, baseline comorbidities, and measurement of vitamin D levels. Observational studies indicate that greater body weights are associated with lower vitamin D status, and individuals with obesity frequently have marginal or deficient circulating 25(OH)D levels [151]. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on improving glucose homeostasis and preventing diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, issue 9, Art. Homebound individuals; people who wear long robes, dresses, or head coverings for religious reasons; and people with occupations that limit sun exposure are among the groups that are unlikely to obtain adequate amounts of vitamin D from sunlight [62]. Nutrients 2018; 10, 375; doi:10.3390/nu10030375 [, Mousa A, Naderpoor N, Teede H, Scragg R, de Courten, B. Vitamin D supplementation for improvement of chronic low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. In a subsequent investigation for 4.9 years after the study's end, women who had taken the vitamin D and calcium supplements (many of whom continued to take them) had an 18% lower risk of in situ (noninvasive) breast cancer [100]. Corticosteroid medications, such as prednisone (Deltasone, Rayos, and Sterapred), are often prescribed to reduce inflammation. C4Yourself is an online platform for efficient and transparent management of your tutoring data. For example, three meta-analyses of clinical trial evidence found that vitamin D supplementation does not affect cancer incidence but does significantly reduce total cancer mortality rates by 1213% [90-92]. [, LeFevre ML. However, most evidence indicates that vitamin D3 increases serum 25(OH)D levels to a greater extent and maintains these higher levels longer than vitamin D2, even though both forms are well absorbed in the gut [33-36]. Lancet Diabetes-Endocrinol 2014;2:719-29. [, Bouillon R. Comparative analysis of nutritional guidelines for vitamin D. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017;13:466-79. Bone health also depends on support from the surrounding muscles to assist with balance and postural sway and thereby reduce the risk of falling. However, the evidence on the impact of vitamin D and calcium supplements on fractures in community-dwelling individuals is inconsistent. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:89-100. It may even help prevent cancer and protect against. People can develop vitamin D deficiency when usual intakes are lower over time than recommended levels, exposure to sunlight is limited, the kidneys cannot convert 25(OH)D to its active form, or absorption of vitamin D from the digestive tract is inadequate. A few studies have examined the effect of vitamin D supplementation on specific cancers. [, Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Whitfield K, Krstic G, Wetterslev J, Gluud C. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults. In practice, however, people usually do not apply sufficient amounts of sunscreen, cover all sun-exposed skin, or reapply sunscreen regularly. [, Jiang X, Dimou NL, Al-Dabhani K, Lewis SJ, Martin RM, Haycock PC, et al. One trial included 65 adult men and women (mean age 32 years) with overweight or obesity who were otherwise healthy, did not have diabetes, and had low serum vitamin D levels (at or below 50 nmol/L [20 ng/mL]) [147]. Cholecalciferol or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation does not affect muscle strength and physical performance in prefrail and frail older adults. One systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated 35 clinical trials that included 43,407 adults with normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes who received a median of 83 mcg (3,332 IU)/day vitamin D supplements or placebo for a median of 16 weeks [148]. Between September and April, sun protection is recommended (shade, clothing coverage and a hat that shades the face and neck, sunscreen and sunglasses), especially between 10am and 4pm. Summary: - Vitamin D is an unusual vitamin because it acts like a hormone in your body. Vitamin D and calcium: A systematic review of health outcomes. Total cancer incidence and mortality Other meta-analyses of prospective studies have found associations between lower vitamin D status measured by serum 25(OH)D levels or vitamin D intakes and an increased risk of ischemic stroke, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and early death [122,123]. It is also found in some animal foods and supplements. In addition, inadequate vitamin D levels can adversely affect muscle strength and lead to muscle weakness and pain (myopathy) [1]. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:903-5. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23:1220-9. However, many factors affect this process. The 'sunshine vitamin': benefits beyond bone? In contrast, the Endocrine Society stated that, for clinical practice, a serum 25(OH)D concentration of more than 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL) is necessary to maximize the effect of vitamin D on calcium, bone, and muscle metabolism [11,12]. [, Skaaby T, Husemoen LLN, Thuesen BH, Pisinger C, Jorgensen T, Roswall N, et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1697S-705S. [, Yin L, Ordonez-Mena JM, Chen T, Schottker B, Arndt V, Brenner H. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum concentration and total cancer incidence and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. It is also needed for bone growth and bone remodeling by osteoblasts and osteoclasts [1-3]. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.17789. [, Lehmann U, Hirche F, Stangl GI, Hinz K, Westphal S, Dierkes J. Bioavailability of vitamin D2 and D3 in healthy volunteers, a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Cforyourself is dedicated to the dissemination of information about vitamin C . Serum vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) levels over 150 ng/ml (375 nmol/l) are a sign of vitamin D toxicity. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. [, Pittas A, Dawson-Hughes B, Sheehan P, Ware JH, Knowler WC, Aroda VR, et al. Jamieson Vitamin D3 1000 IU, 375 Tablets, 2-pack. Association of serum level of vitamin D at diagnosis with breast cancer survival: A case-cohort analysis in the Pathways Study. Older adults The weight-loss drug orlistat (Xenical and alli), together with a reduced-fat diet, can reduce the absorption of vitamin D from food and supplements, leading to lower 25(OH)D levels [164-167]. Clinical trials to date provide little evidence that vitamin D supplementation helps maintain glucose homeostasis, reduces the risk of progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes, or helps manage the disease, particularly in vitamin D-replete individuals. [, Wagner CL, Greer FR, American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. [. Use of vitamin D drops leading to kidney failure in a 54-year-old man. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016;26:663-73. [, Jagannath VA, Filippini G, Di Pietrantonj C, Asokan GV, Robak EW, Whamond L, Robinson SA. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and health outcomes five years after active intervention ended: The Women's Health Initiative. Signs and symptoms of osteomalacia are similar to those of rickets and include bone deformities and pain, hypocalcemic seizures, tetanic spasms, and dental abnormalities [45]. Several studies have examined whether levels of 25(OH)D in men with prostate cancer are associated with a lower risk of death from the disease or from any cause. Breast cancer Some observational studies support an inverse association between 25(OH)D levels and breast cancer risk and mortality, but others do not [94-97]. Most participants (78%) had adequate serum levels of vitamin D at baseline (at least 50 nmol/L [20 ng/mL]). 183 prepared by the Tufts Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D are reported in both nanomoles per liter (nmol/L) and nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). Some studies have used dietary supplements containing the 25(OH)D3 form of vitamin D. Per equivalent microgram dose, 25(OH)D3 is three to five times as potent as vitamin D3 [37,38]. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. Including food 25-hydroxyvitamin D in intake estimates may reduce the discrepancy between dietary and serum measures of vitamin D status. British Journal of Cancer 2014;111:976-80. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, the bone health of older Black American women does not appear to benefit from raising serum 25(OH)D levels beyond 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) [84]. [, Rooney MR, Harnack L, Michos ED, Ogilvie RP, Sempos CT, Lutsey PL. Vitamin D2 is manufactured using UV irradiation of ergosterol in yeast, and vitamin D3 is typically produced with irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol from lanolin obtained from the wool of sheep [13,31]. Newberry SJ, Chung M, Shekelle PG, Booth MS, Liu JL, Maher AR, et al. Nutr Rev 2018;76:60-76. [, Cashman KD, Seamans KM, Lucey AJ, Stocklin E, Weber P, Kiely M, Hill TR. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1618-23. Some people are potentially at risk of inadequacy at 30 to 50 nmol/L (1220 ng/mL). Vitamin D status and weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized controlled weight-loss trials. [, Galior K, Grebe S, Singh R. Development of vitamin D toxicity from overcorrection of vitamin D deficiency: A review of case reports. Sempos CT, Carter GD, Binkley NC. Both vitamins D2 and D3 raise serum 25(OH)D levels, and they seem to have equivalent ability to cure rickets [4]. [, Zhang R, Li B, Gao X, Tian R, Pan Y, Jiang Y, et al. Ask ODS Vitamin D: moving forward to address emerging science. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 weight-loss intervention studies that used caloric restriction, exercise, or both, but not necessarily vitamin D supplementation or other treatments, found that people who lost weight had significantly greater increases in serum 25(OH)D levels than those who maintained their weight [152]. The Women's Health Initiative clinical trial randomized 36,282 postmenopausal women to receive 400 IU vitamin D3 plus 1,000 mg calcium daily or a placebo for a mean of 7 years [98]. No. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical trial evidence on older adults JAMA 2018;319:1696-1704. A meta-analysis of 3 randomized controlled trials in 1,273 men with prostate cancer found no significant differences in total mortality rates between those receiving vitamin D supplementation (from 10 mcg [400 IU]/day for 28 days to 45 mcg [1,800 IU] given in three doses total at 2-week intervals) and those receiving a placebo [116]. Monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation does not increase kidney stone risk or serum calcium: Results from a randomized controlled trial. [, Moyer VA. Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. [, Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. Talk with your doctor or nurse about vitamin D at your child's next check-up if you have questions. Maternal vitamin D status: Effect on milk vitamin D content and vitamin D status of breastfeeding infants. Studies show that 25(OH)D appears to be approximately five times more potent than the parent vitamin for raising serum 25(OH)D concentrations [17,20,21]. Am J Epidemiol 2010;172:4-9. Pages 41-78 in Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D, Hewison M, eds. Vitamin D, calcium, and cancer: Approaching daylight? JAMA 2017;317:2448-50. Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption; vitamin D2 mushroom powder. In addition, the USPSTF recommended against supplementation with 10 mcg (400 IU) or less of vitamin D and 1,000 mg or less of calcium to prevent fractures in this population, but it could not determine the balance of benefits and harms from higher doses. [. Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals often contain added vitamin D, as do some brands of orange juice, yogurt, margarine, and other food products. pii: E493. People with obesity might need greater intakes of vitamin D to achieve 25(OH)D levels similar to those of people with normal weight [1,64,65]. [, Aloia JF, Talwar SA, Pollack S, Yeh J. Salmon is a great source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D. Choose wild and eat it raw, baked . women's college lacrosse workout program. Screening for vitamin deficiency in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Br J Nutr 2013;109:1082-8. Includes a variety of protein foods such as lean meats; poultry; eggs; seafood; beans, peas, and lentils; nuts and seeds; and soy products. Thiazide diuretics (e.g., Hygroton, Lozol, and Microzide) decrease urinary calcium excretion. Vitamin D fortification in the United States and Canada: Current status and data needs. Rates of deficiency varied by race and ethnicity: 17.5% of non-Hispanic Blacks were at risk of vitamin D deficiency, as were 7.6% of non-Hispanic Asians, 5.9% of Hispanics, and 2.1% of non-Hispanic White people. The significance of vitamin D status in breast cancer: A state of the science review. Pediatrics 2020;145:e20193574. Join the ODS Email List. Because vitamin D increases calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, vitamin D toxicity results in marked hypercalcemia (total calcium greater than 11.1 mg/dL, beyond the normal range of 8.4 to 10.2 mg/dL), hypercalciuria, and high serum 25(OH)D levels (typically greater than 375 nmol/l [150 ng/mL]) [155]. Overall, clinical trials show that vitamin D supplementation does not reduce CVD risk, even for people with low 25(OH)D status (below 20 nmol/L [12 ng/mL]) at baseline [93,124]. [, Golzarand M, Shab-Bidar S, Koochakpoor G, Speakman JR, Djafarian K. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on blood pressure in adults: An updated meta-analysis. Vitamin D assays and the definition of hypovitaminosis D. Results from the First International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018;84:2194-207. US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. [, Taylor CL, Patterson KY, Roseland JM, Wise SA, Merkel JM, Pehrsson PR, Yetley EA. J Nutr 2016;146:855-6. Relative effectiveness of oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D3 in raising wintertime serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older adults. Normal vitamin D levels in the blood are 20 ng/ml or above for adults. While acknowledging that signs and symptoms of toxicity are unlikely at daily intakes below 250 mcg (10,000 IU), the FNB noted that even vitamin D intakes lower than the ULs might have adverse health effects over time. [, Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Brunner RL, O'Sullivan MJ, et al. [, Drinka PJ, Nolten WE. The largest clinical trial, VITAL, to investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the primary prevention of cancer in the general population gave 50 mcg (2,000 IU)/day vitamin D3 supplements with or without 1,000 mg/day marine omega-3 fatty acids or a placebo for a median of 5.3 years [93]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:3838-45. Individuals who have difficulty absorbing dietary fat might therefore require vitamin D supplementation [63]. Mayo Clin Proc 2013;88:720-55. Vitamin D helps you absorb calcium and phosphate from food. In addition, older adults are likely to spend more time than younger people indoors, and they might have inadequate dietary intakes of the vitamin [1]. In contrast, another meta-analysis of 30 clinical trials in 4,744 participants (mean age 54.5 years) that administered 5 mcg (200 IU) to 300 mcg (12,000 IU)/day vitamin D3 for a mean of 5.6 months showed that more than 20 mcg (800 IU)/day significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in normal-weight participants who had hypertension [128]. 19.98. J Clin Endocrin Metab 2013;98:4339-45. Fortified foods provide most of the vitamin D in American diets [1,22]. Overall, vitamin D supplementation, when compared with placebo administration, had no effect on relevant clinical outcomes, such as recurrent relapse or worsened disability. Vitamin D might be involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes through its effects on glucose metabolism and insulin signaling as well as its ability to reduce inflammation and improve pancreatic beta-cell function [1443,145]. Vitamin D obtained from sun exposure, foods, and supplements is biologically inert and must undergo two hydroxylations in the body for activation. [, Song Z-y, Yao Q, Zhuo Z, Ma Z, Chen G. Circulating vitamin D level and mortality in prostate cancer patients: A dose-response meta-analysis. Hazards of treating osteoporosis and hypertension concurrently with calcium, vitamin D, and distal diuretics. Jin, J. Vitamin D and calcium supplements for preventing fractures. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 observational studies that included a total of 31,424 adults (mean age ranging from 27.5 to 77 years) found an association between deficient or low levels of 25(OH)D and depression [130]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4845-51. [, Muller DC, Hodge AM, Fanidi A, Albanes D, Mai XM, Shu XO, et al. 2019 Mar;68(3):475-486. Vitamin D: the underappreciated D-lightful hormone that is important for skeletal and cellular health. It means that our body converts it into a hormone. People with conditions that limit fat absorption [, Sowah D, Fan X, Dennett L, Hagtvedt R, Straube S. Vitamin D levels and deficiency with different occupations: A systematic review. The link between obesity and low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations: considerations and implications. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice. Vitamin D and its metabolites are carried in the blood bound to vitamin D binding protein (DBP) and albumin--for most tissues it is the free (i.e., unbound) metabolite that enters the cell; however, DBP bound metabolites can enter some cells such as the kidney and parathyroid gland through a megalin/cubilin mechanism. Vitamin D plays a role in glucose metabolism. Both forms are well absorbed in the small intestine. There are two forms of vitamin D in the diet and supplements: Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol):found in some. Vitamin D supplementation to reduce depression in adults: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. In fact, Black Americans might have a greater risk than White Americans of falls and fractures with daily vitamin D intakes of 50 mcg (2,000 IU) or more [14]. However, 18% were at risk of inadequacy (levels of 3049 nmol/L [1219.6 ng/mL]), and 5% were at risk of deficiency (levels below 30 nmol/L [12 ng/mL]). Questions about vitamin D for primary care practice: Input from an NIH conference. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:1608-14. [, Dawodu A, Tsang RC. Levels of 75 to less than 87.5 nmol/L (30 to less than 35 ng/mL) and 87.5 to less than 100 nmol/L (35 to less than 40 ng/mL) were associated with a 19% and 27% lower risk, respectively. However, the incidence of rickets is increasing globally, even in the United States and Europe, especially among immigrants from African, Middle-Eastern, and Asian countries [51]. [, Kassi E, Adamopoulos C, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG. Lancet 2014;383:1665-76. It concluded that the current evidence was insufficient to evaluate the benefits and harms of supplementation to prevent fractures. It also helps keep your muscles, nerves, and immune system working normally. Vitamin D helps regulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (and thereby blood pressure), vascular cell growth, and inflammatory and fibrotic pathways [118]. Elsevier, 2018. They also had different study durations (5 days to 5 years), mean participant ages (range, 22 years to 75 years), and baseline 25(OH)D levels; furthermore, some but not all studies administered concurrent antidepressant medications. [, Ford JA, MacLennan GS, Avenell A, Bolland M, Grey A, Witham M. Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplementation: Trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis. [, Aloia JF, Li-Ng M, Pollack S. Statins and vitamin D. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:1329. The results showed an association between 25(OH)D levels lower than 30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL) and a 31% higher colorectal cancer risk. Vitamin C in high doses (up to 100 grams/day or more IV) has been shown to be very effective in the treatment of cancer. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014. In contrast to 25(OH)D, circulating 1,25(OH)2D is generally not a good indicator of vitamin D status because it has a short half-life measured in hours, and serum levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphate [1]. The FNB committee that established DRIs for vitamin D found that the evidence was inadequate or too contradictory to conclude that the vitamin had any effect on a long list of potential health outcomes (e.g., on resistance to chronic diseases or functional measures), except for measures related to bone health. Overall, the available research suggests that consuming higher amounts of vitamin D or taking vitamin D supplements does not promote weight loss. BMC Proceedings, 2018;12(Suppl 6):6. Proportions at risk of deficiency were lowest among children aged 15 years (0.5%), peaked at 7.6% in adults aged 2039 years, and fell to 2.9% among adults aged 60 years and older; patterns were similar for risks of inadequacy. [, van Duijnhoven FJB, Jenab M, Hveem K, Siersema PD, Fedirko V, Duell EJ, et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:810-9. [, Durup D, Jorgensen HL, Christensen J, Tjonnland A, Olsen A, Halkjaer J, et al. Nutrition 2015;31:421-9. The incidence rate of rickets in the infants and children (younger than 7) seen by 2,325 pediatricians throughout Canada was 2.9 per 100,000 in 20022004, and almost all patients with rickets had been breastfed [49]. However, the supplementation had no significant effects on fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, or fasting insulin levels. Screening for vitamin D status is becoming a more common part of the routine laboratory bloodwork ordered by primary-care physicians, irrespective of any indications for this practice [6,52-54]. [, Rafiq S, Jeppesen PB. [, Li X, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Wang P, Zhang Y. In 1935, the chemical structure of vitamin D 3 was defined and shown to result from the ultraviolet irradiation . This damage hinders or blocks messages between the brain and body, leading to clinical features, such as vision loss, motor weakness, spasticity, ataxia, tremor, sensory loss, and cognitive impairment [136,137]. CMAJ 2019;191:E390-4. PLOS ONE 2014;9:e111265. One systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 randomized, controlled trials published through 2018 of vitamin D supplementation alone (1020 mcg [400800 IU]/day or more at least every week or as rarely as once a year) for 9 months to 5 years found that the supplements provided no protection from fractures in 34,243 older adults [81]. Journal of Nutrition Science 2018;7:1-7. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 2002;9:87-98. [, Cauley JA, Chlebowski RT, Wactawski-Wende J, Robbins JA, Rodabough RJ, Chen Z, et al. [, Jorde R, Kubiak J. Lung cancer JAMA 2006;296:2832-8. [, McCullough ML, Zoltick ES, Weinstein SJ, Fedirko V, Wang M, Cook NR, et al. However, a meta-analysis of 12 vitamin D supplementation trials (including 5 in which body composition measurements were primary outcomes) found that vitamin D supplements without calorie restriction did not affect body weight or fat mass when the results were compared with those of placebo [154]. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2008;24:176-83. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation in African American women. Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: A systematic review. It helps the bones absorb calcium, supports the immune system and may aid strength gain and fat loss. [, O'Brien KM, Sandler DP, Taylor JA, Weinberg CR. J Midwifery Womens Health 2019;64:276-88. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984;32:405-7. Nutrients 2018 Apr 16;10(4). Show Out of Stock Items. In the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial (described above), vitamin D3 and calcium supplements had no effect on rates of colorectal cancer. You get vitamin D from food, supplements, and sunshine. Nutr Clin Pract 2013;28:194-208. The first hydroxylation, which occurs in the liver, converts vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], also known as "calcidiol." [, McNamara M, Rosenberger KD. The use of sunscreen also limits vitamin D synthesis from sunlight. Picciano MF. [, Mallard SR, Howe AS, Houghton LA. Public Health Nutrition 2020;23:1153-64. Prolonged exclusive breastfeeding without vitamin D supplementation can cause rickets in infants, and, in the United States, rickets is most common among breastfed Black infants and children [47]. Roseland JM, Phillips KM, Patterson KY, Pehrsson PR, Taylor CL. [, Taylor CL, Thomas PR, Aloia JF, Millard PS. Those who are older or at risk for . The vitamin D content of human milk is related to the mothers vitamin D status; studies suggest that the breastmilk of mothers who take daily supplements containing at least 50 mcg (2,000 IU) vitamin D3 have higher levels of the nutrient [57,58]. Four percent had levels higher than 125 nmol/L (50 ng/mL). Gratuit Vitamin C Wikipedia Vitamin C, also known as ascorbi. 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